Histología y ultraestructura de los osteodermos fósiles de glyptodon clavipes y holmesina sp. (xenarthra: cingulata) / Histology and ultrastructure of the fossil osteoderms of glyptodon clavipes and holmesina sp. (xenarthra: cingulata) / Histologia e ultraestrutura dos osteodermos fósseis de glyptodon clavipes e holmesina sp. (xenarthra: cingulata)

Este trabajo comprende un análisis estructural de los osteodermos fósiles de Glyptodon clavipes (Glyptodontidae) y Holmesina sp (Pampatheriidae) recolectados en el sitio de Muaco (Municipio Colina, Estado Falcón, Venezuela). Para el estudio microanatómico, las muestras fueron observadas mediante luz polarizada y microscopía electrónica de barrido. Los osteodermos de los escudos escapular y pélvico de Holmesina sp. son hexagonales, compuestos por una sola figura con una superficie perforada por pequeñas depresiones circulares de profundidad variable. En G. clavipes, la mayoría de los osteodermos son hexagonales y están constituidos por una figura central con una pequeña depresión y delimitada por un surco central, rodeada por seis u ocho figuras periféricas, divididas entre sí por surcos radiales. A nivel microscópico, la superficie de los osteodermos de G. clavipes está texturizada por un número mayor de porosidades que en Holmesina sp. Un corte histológico del osteodermo de Holmesina sp. muestra una capa superficial, integrada por fibras mineralizadas, y una zona más profunda de hueso compacto, perforada por canales vasculares. En contraste, las escutas de G. clavipes revelan una región trabecular más amplia, con numerosas osteonas y zonas de resorción irregulares.

This work is a structural analysis of the fossil osteoderms of Glyptodon clavipes (Glyptodontidae) and Holmesina sp. (Pampatheriidae) colected at the Muaco site (Colina Municipality, Falcon State, Venezuela). For the microanatomical study, the samples were observed under cross polarized light and scanning electronic microscopy. In Holmesina sp., the osteoderms of the anterior and posterior bucklers are hexagonal, composed of a single figure with the surface perforated by circular depressions of variable depths. In G. clavipes, most of the osteoderms are hexagonal and formed by a central figure with a small depression and defined by a central sulcus and surrounded by six to eight peripheral figures, separated from each other by radial sulci. At the microscopical level, the surface of the osteoderms of G. clavipes is texturized by a greater number of pits than in Holmesina sp. A histological section of a Holmesina osteoderm shows a superficial layer, integrated by mineralized fibers, and a deep area of compact bone perforated by vascular channels. In contrast, osteoderms of G. clavipes have a more extensive trabecular region with osteons and irregular resortion areas.

Este trabalho compreende uma análise estrutural dos osteodermos fósseis de Glyptodon clavipes (Glyptodontidae) e Holmesina sp (Pampatheriidae) recolhidos na região de Muaco (Município Colina, Estado Falcón, Venezuela). Para o estudo micro anatômico, as amostras foram observadas mediante luz polarizada e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os osteodermos, dos escudos escapular e pélvico de Holmesina sp., são hexagonais, compostos por uma só figura com una superfície perfurada por pequenas depressões circulares de profundidade variável. Em G. clavipes, a maioria dos osteodermos é hexagonal e está constituída por uma figura central com uma pequena depressão e delimitada por um sulco central, rodeada por seis ou oito figuras periféricas, divididas entre si por sulcos radiais. A nível microscópico, a superfície dos osteodermos de G. clavipes está texturizada por um número maior de porosidades que em Holmesina sp. Um corte histológico do osteodermo de Holmesina sp. mostra uma capa superficial, integrada por fibras mineralizadas, e uma zona mais profunda de osso compacto, perfurada por canais vasculares. Em contraste, as escutas de G. clavipes revelam uma região trabecular mais ampla, com numerosas osteonas e zonas de ressorção irregulares.

Successful treatment of disseminated Aspergillosis in a leukemic child

The incidence of severe fungal infections in the immunocompromised patient with malignancies has increased in recent years. This appears to be associated to the profound periods of immunosuppression and the extended use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Aspergillosis is the second most common fungal infection reported in the immunocompromised cancer patients. In patients with advanced immunosupression, the mortality due to invasive aspergillosis approaches 100despite treatment with antifungal agents. Reports of complete or partial response to echinocandins are well demonstrated in adults, but very limited in the pediatric population. This report describes the case of a child with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who developed cutaneous aspergillosis and subsequent multiorgan dissemination during therapeutic induction and was treated successfuly with caspofungin acetate.

Severe neutropenia in an infant with methylmalonic acidemia

Neutropenia exists when the neutrophil counts is less than 1000/mm3 in infants between 2 weeks and 1 year of age and less than 1500/mm3 beyond 1 year of age (1). Severe infections occur when the absolute neutrophil count is below 500/mm3 with perirectal abscesses, pneumonia, and sepsis being common. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) produces a sustained neutrophil recovery in patients with severe neutropenia, reduces the incidence and severity of infection, and improves the quality of life. Various cytopenias, including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia, have been reported in association with inborn errors of branched aminoacid metabolism such as methylmalonic, propionic and isovaleric acidemia. We report an infant with methylmalonic acidemia who presented severe neutropenia